視聽著作侵害酌定損害額-108年度民著訴字第45號判決評析

noreply • 2019 Jul 18

  108 年度民著訴字第 45 號判決評析

張晁綱律師  蔣昕佑律師

壹、基本事實

得利影視股份有限公司(下稱原告)為電影「人生按個讚」(下稱系爭著作)於臺灣地區之被專屬授權人。原告於106年2月26日發現被告未獲原告之同意或授權,於其位於桃園市之住處,利用電腦連結網際網路後,以Bit-Torrent傳輸網路傳輸軟體,非法下載重製系爭著作,並於非法下載同時接受其他安裝相同軟體之使用人之要求分享系爭著作,經臺灣桃園地方法院判決被告犯著作權法第91條第1項之非法重製罪,處拘役30日。原告另依著作權法第88條第1項、第3項規定,請求被告負損害賠償責任。

貳、本案主要爭議

為避免著作權受侵害之被害人因訴訟上之舉證困難,致其實體法上之損害賠償權利難以實現,著作權法第88條第3項因而定有由法院酌定損害賠償額之規範。惟法院於審酌損害賠償額時,實際考量之因素為何?如何決定具體損害賠償額?殊值探究。

參、法院判旨

一、適用前提:著作權法第 88 條第 3 項至多減輕被害人之舉證責任,被害人仍應於客觀上可能範圍提出相關證據

觀諸著作權法第88條第3項規定:「依前項規定,如被害人不易證明其實際損害額,得請求法院依侵害情節,在新臺幣一萬元以上一百萬元以下酌定賠償額。如損害行為屬故意且情節重大者,賠償額得增至新臺幣五百萬元。」可知,本條之適用以「被害人不易證明其實際損害額」為要件,從而本條立法意旨雖係為減輕被害人之舉證責任,惟 被害人仍應於客觀上可能範圍內提出證據,證明不易證明實際損害額之情形,並就損害賠償之金額提出可供依憑之計算基礎,以證明與損害數額相關的各種具體客觀情事

就本件而言,被告未經授權以BT軟體下載並公開傳輸系爭著作,使不特定使用者得以在各自選定的時間、地點,透過網際網路接收系爭著作之檔案,無從得知系爭影片因此遭下載的次數或數量,堪認無從依著作權法第88條第2項所定方式計算、證明原告之損害,足認合乎著作權法第88條第3項所定「被害人不易證明其實際損害額」要件。

、法院就賠償額之酌定範圍及因素

就損害賠償額之酌定範圍,著作權法第88條第3項業已明定,法院應依被害情節,於新台幣(下同)1萬元以上100萬元以下酌定賠償額,如損害行為屬故意且情節重大者,則以500萬元作為損害賠償額上限。是法院酌定賠償額,應以著作權法第88條第3項所定範圍為度,方屬適法、妥適。又智慧財產法院於判決中明示,酌定損害賠償額之「斟酌因素包含被侵害著作之性質、加害人侵害之態樣、規模、時間、數量、及因此所獲得的利益、對被害人著作的市場價值可能的影響等等。」

就本件而言,系爭著作為視聽創作,其創作程度不低,且原告經授權之範圍包含中華民國境內所有影音商品、隨選視訊(VOD)、網際網路OTT、國內航空器等重製、出租、經銷、公開傳輸及公開播送等權利。惟被告僅係網路個體使用者,並非基於營利或商業目的,且因原告無從證明確切受有損害,故智慧財產法院最終酌定損害賠償額為1萬元。

肆、判決評析

於此類侵權行為人透過Bit-Torrent傳輸網路傳輸軟體下載電影供個人娛樂,因而違反著作權法之案例類型,基於P2P軟體特性,每個端點在下載同時,通常亦會上傳檔案,是檔案之傳輸往往係多人共同為之,且因P2P軟體係以動態方式與其他端點建立、切斷連線,是每一端點會與和端點連線並不固定,因而難以證明侵權行為人之實際傳輸行為所造成之損害為何。

雖法院就損害賠償額之酌定,仍須視個案所涉具體情狀而定,惟觀諸智慧財產法院104年度民著訴字第47號判決、智慧財產法院105年度民著上易字第3號判決、臺灣臺中地方法院105年度智字第10號判決、智慧財產法院108年度民著訴字第45號判決,面對此類案件皆酌定以1萬元至2萬元為損害賠償額,其主因除具體損害範圍之因果關係難以證明外,侵權行為人並非為營利目的使用,並未因此獲有利益,亦為影響法院酌定損害賠償額之重要因素之一。又實務上雖曾有酌定以10萬元為損害賠償額之前例(見臺灣臺中地方法院100年度沙簡字第269號判決、臺灣高等法院臺中分院101年度智上易字第1號判決),惟仍係就侵權行為人將下載點連結位置張貼於論壇文章之態樣為之,究其侵害態樣仍與本件情況有別。

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